The information in this column is not intended as legal advice but to provide a general understanding of the law. Any readers with a legal problem, including those whose questions are addressed here, should consult an attorney for advice on their particular circumstances.
There is no escaping death. However, how you organize your affairs can make life much easier for your loved ones. The reality is that less than half of all Americans have even the most basic estate planning documents. As a result, they voluntarily give up their freedom to decide what will happen to their assets when they die. This also leaves their family with the difficult task of trying to identify their assets and liabilities.
The law gives you the freedom to decide how and to whom your assets are distributed when you die by making a Will. But if you die without a Will, your assets will be distributed according to a statutory formula that doesn’t take into account your wishes and unique circumstances.
Below is a summary of how the assets of those who die without a Will in Texas are distributed. Please understand this is not an exhaustive list. It does not take into consideration claims of common law marriage, the birth of a child after a will, the validity of handwritten documents as testamentary instruments, and a host of other issues.
Distribution For Single People With No Children
If you are single and die without a Will in Texas, the Texas Probate Code dictates that your assets will be distributed as follows:
Your estate will pass equally to your parents if both are living. If only one parent is alive, and you don’t have any brothers or sisters, then your entire estate will pass to your surviving parent.
However, if you do have siblings or descendants of siblings (nieces and nephews), then your surviving parent would receive only half of the estate, and the remaining one-half would be divided among your siblings or their descendants.
All of your estate would pass to your siblings or their descendants if you have no surviving parents.
If you have no surviving descendants, parents, siblings, or descendants of siblings, then the estate is divided into two halves, with one half passing to relatives on your mother’s side of the family and the other half passing to relatives on your father’s side.
If one side of the family has completely died out, the entire estate would pass to the surviving side of the family.
On rare occasions, when an unmarried person dies without any surviving heir, his estate will pass to the State of Texas.
Perhaps you have a close friend who you would have wanted to share in your estate. That would not be possible without a Will.
Distribution for Those Who Die Unmarried with Children
If you are single and have children, then all your property will pass to your descendants. If your descendants are of the same degree of relationship (meaning, for example, that all are your children or all are your grandchildren), then the assets will be divided equally between them.
However, if your descendants are of different degrees of relationship (meaning some of your children predecease you, leaving children or grandchildren of their own), then the younger generation would only be entitled to the share the older generation would have received had he or she survived. This means that if you have two siblings and one predeceases you, the children of that deceased sibling divide that share.
Distribution for Those Who Die While Married
Many people may assume that if they are married and die without a Will in Texas, their surviving spouse will inherit their entire estate. This is not always the case. How their property is divided depends on whether it is characterized as community property or separate property.
Community Property
All property acquired during a marriage is presumed to be community property. Under Texas laws, if you are married and are survived by a spouse and children, then:
Your surviving spouse will inherit all your community property if all your children are also the children of your surviving spouse;
Otherwise, all your one-half interest in the community estate will pass to your children, with your spouse keeping only his or her one-half interest.
If you do not have any children, then your surviving spouse will inherit all of your community property.
Separate Property
If your property is characterized as separate property, the distribution scheme is different:
If you have survived a spouse and children, your surviving spouse is entitled to one-third of your separate personal property and only a life estate (the right to use the property until his or her death) in one-third of your separate real property. The rest would be inherited outright by the children of the deceased spouse.
If you are married but have no children or other descendants, your surviving spouse would be entitled to all the separate personal property. But if you have surviving parents and siblings, the surviving spouse would only be entitled to one-half of the separate real property, with the other half passing to the parents, siblings, or descendants of siblings in a manner set forth by the statutes.
If you want the freedom to decide how and to whom your property will be distributed when you die, you need a well-written Will. While the internet promises self-help documents, these homemade documents usually add more issues than they resolve. Additionally, the process of proving who your family (heirs) are without a will is time-consuming, difficult, and generally much more expensive than if you had a will. You should therefore seek the assistance of an attorney who is well versed in estate planning to help you create these documents and give you peace of mind. © 2025
Sam A. Moak is an attorney with the Huntsville law firm of Moak & Moak, P.C. He is licensed to practice in all fields of law by the Supreme Court of Texas, is a Member of the State Bar College and is a member of the Real Estate, Probate and Trust Law Section of the State Bar of Texas. www.moakandmoak.com
